Virology and Scientific Advances

Monkeypox Virus: A Virological Overview The Mpox virus, formerly known as Monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted from animals to humans. It was first identified in 1958 in monkey colonies used for research, but the first human case was reported in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Mpox belongs to the same viral family as smallpox (Poxviridae) and has gained attention in recent years due to its increasing spread worldwide. While the disease has origins in Africa, globalization and modern travel have transformed it into a global public health concern. Chronological Overview of Mpox Virus Symptoms The symptoms of the Mpox virus typically progress through two main phases: the Prodromal Phase and the Skin Lesions Phase. 1. Prodromal Phase (Early Stage) In the initial stage of the illness, flu-like symptoms are predominant: - Fever:  High fever (above 38.5°C) is usually the first symptom to appear. - Headache: Severe headaches are common. - Muscle and Back Pain:

  T Cells Lymhopenia in SARS-CoV-2 Infections   It’s important that role of T lymphocyts in immunology and pathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dysregulation of the immune response in T lymphocytes is frequently observed (82.1%) in SARS-CoV-2 infection and this may help to increase of severe of COVID-19 symptoms. Especially including of ICU Covid patitents, a seriously decrease of the number of T & NK cells has been observed. It will be discussed in the future whether this decrease in the number of T and NK cells during COVID infections contributes to the pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether the factors causing the pathogenicity are responsible for the decrease in these cell numbers. In HIV infections, the decrease of number of especially CD4 and NK cells has been observed but CD8 levels either remain normal or are slightly elevated than normal. In SARS-CoV-2 infections, both CD8, CD4 and NK cell levels showed serious decreases. These decreases were more s